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During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time, [] and both men were charged with " gross indecency " under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty. Turing and Murray, was brought to trial on 31 March His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo hormonal physical changes designed to reduce libido.

He accepted the option of injections of what was then called stilboestrol now known as diethylstilbestrol or DES , a synthetic oestrogen ; this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing impotent and caused breast tissue to form , [] fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out".

He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction in , but was free to visit other European countries. Turing was never accused of espionage but, in common with all who had worked at Bletchley Park, he was prevented by the Official Secrets Act from discussing his war work. On 8 June , Turing's housekeeper found him dead at the age of 41; he had died the previous day.

Cyanide poisoning was established as the cause of death. An inquest determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, David Leavitt , have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that in Leavitt's words he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew". Philosophy professor Jack Copeland has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict.

He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to electroplate gold onto spoons. The potassium cyanide was used to dissolve the gold. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten.

He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend. Conspiracy theorists pointed out that Turing was the cause of intense anxiety to the British authorities at the time of his death. The secret services feared that communists would entrap prominent homosexuals and use them to gather intelligence.


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Turing was still engaged in highly classified work when he was also a practising homosexual who holidayed in European countries near the Iron Curtain. According to the conspiracy theory, it is possible that the secret services considered him too great a security risk and assassinated one of the most brilliant minds in their employ.

It has been suggested that Turing's belief in fortune-telling may have caused his depressed mood. Shortly before his death, during a day-trip to St Annes-on-Sea with the Greenbaum family, [ when? But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool.


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We found a fortune-teller's tent[,] and Alan said he'd like to go in[,] so we waited around for him to come back And this sunny, cheerful visage had shrunk into a pale, shaking, horror-stricken face. Something had happened. We don't know what the fortune-teller said[,] but he obviously was deeply unhappy. I think that was probably the last time we saw him before we heard of his suicide.

In August , British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.

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In December , William Jones and his Member of Parliament, John Leech , created an e-petition [] requesting that the British government pardon Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency": []. In , he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"—chemical castration.

Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the British government and British history. A pardon can go some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws. The petition gathered over 37, signatures, [] [] and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP John Leech but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister Lord McNally , who said: [].

A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence that now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.

John Leech , the MP for Manchester Withington —15 , submitted several bills to Parliament [] and led a high-profile campaign to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood. Leech's campaign gained public support from leading scientists, including Stephen Hawking.

On 26 July , a bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act , of which he was convicted on 31 March At the bill's second reading in the House of Commons on 29 November , Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to the bill, delaying its passage.

The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February , [] but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons, [] the government elected to proceed under the royal prerogative of mercy. On 24 December , Queen Elizabeth II signed a pardon for Turing's conviction for "gross indecency", with immediate effect. In a letter to the Prime Minister, David Cameron , human rights advocate Peter Tatchell criticised the decision to single out Turing due to his fame and achievements when thousands of others convicted under the same law have not received pardons.

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A new inquiry is long overdue, even if only to dispel any doubts about the true cause of his death—including speculation that he was murdered by the security services or others. I think murder by state agents is unlikely. There is no known evidence pointing to any such act.


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However, it is a major failing that this possibility has never been considered or investigated. In September , the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an " Alan Turing law ". The law applies in England and Wales. Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester , the city where he worked towards the end of his life.

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In , a stretch of the A road the Manchester city intermediate ring road was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple. However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'. As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain.

A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture. In , Time magazine named Turing as one of the Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.

In May it was reported by Gay Star News that a foot 3. Historic England , however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs " This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the listed buildings and landscape, and by extension the conservation area.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. English mathematician and computer scientist. For other uses, see Turing disambiguation. Maida Vale , London, England. Wilmslow , Cheshire, England. Logic Mathematics Cryptanalysis Computer science Mathematical and theoretical biology [1]. Main article: Bombe. Main article: Legacy of Alan Turing. See also: List of things named after Alan Turing.

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Main article: Alan Turing Year. On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics PhD thesis. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 9 December In Bowen, Jonathan P. Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. SETSS Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer. In Copeland, B. Jack ; Bowen, Jonathan P. The Turing Guide.

Oxford University Press. The British Library.